Tocilizumab en pacientes COVID-19: evaluación del perfil de seguridad en una indicación off label / Surveillance of adverse effects of Tocilizumab for COVID-19

BAKCGROUND: Tocilizumab (TCZ) is a new therapeutic alternative for severe cases of COVID-19 pneumonia. AIM: To evaluate the cumulative incidence (CI) of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADR) from TCZ in adult patients with COVID-19. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An active pharmacological surveillance protocol was carried out in patients older than 18 years old, who received at least one dose of TCZ between May and August 2020 at a clinical hospital. Non-infectious ADRs were categorized according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events and the development of infection was classified as present or absent. Causality and preventability of ADRs were determined with the Naranjo Algorithm and the modified Schumock & Thornton criteria, respectively. RESULTS: The CI of ADRs caused by TCZ was 69.6% (95% confidence intervals (CI): 63.5-76.6). A rise in alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and the development of infections were the most frequent adverse events. Seventy-four percent were considered mild in severity. Sixty two percent of suspected non-infectious ADRs were classified as probable and all the infectious events as Possible. Of the ADRs observed, 33% were preventable. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of ADRs after the use of TCZ is frequent, of mild severity, and in one third of the cases, preventable. We suggest monitoring blood count, liver function tests and ruling out infection prior to TCZ administration.

Adverse events following immunization of elderly with COVID-19 inactivated virus vaccine (CoronaVac) in Southeastern Brazil: an active surveillance study

ABSTRACT Healthcare workers, the elderly and other vulnerable populations were the first to receive COVID-19 vaccines in public health programs. There were few vaccine safety data available on the elderly. This observational study aimed to evaluate the inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac) safety in the elderly, at the beginning of the vaccination program, in Sao Paulo city, Brazil. The elderly people that received CoronaVac at the Reference Center for Special Immunobiologicals (CRIE) or at home, administered by the Interdisciplinary Home Care Team (NADI) of the Hospital das Clinicas were invited to participate in this phase 4 observational study. The vaccination schedule included two CoronaVac doses 28 days apart. The information on solicited and unsolicited adverse events following immunization were collected by phone calls on days 4 and 8 after each vaccine dose. We enrolled 158 adults aged 65 to 101 years (mean of 84.1 years); 63.9% were females and 95.6% had chronic conditions, 21.5% had moderate or severe impairment in daily living activities; 34.2% were pre-frail and 19.6% were frail. We were able to contact 95.6% and 91.6% of the vaccinated people, after the first and second doses, respectively; 31.8% and 23.4% of the contacted participants reported some adverse events (AE) following the first and second doses, respectively. Pain at the injection site, fatigue, myalgia and headaches were the most frequent solicited AE. Most AE were mild to moderate. There were eight severe adverse events, but none of them were considered related to the vaccine. The CoronaVac was safe and well tolerated by these adults of advanced age with frailty and comorbidities.

Vigilância e controle de medicamentos abaixo do padrão, falsificados e não registrados: revisão integrativa / Market surveillance and control of substandard, falsified and unregistered medicines: integrative review / Vigilancia y control de medicamentos subestándar, falsificados y no registrados: una revisión integral

RESUMO Objetivo. Identificar as estratégias de atuação dos sistemas regulatórios na vigilância e controle de medicamentos abaixo do padrão, falsificados e não registrados em nível regional-global, especialmente quanto aos processos de recall. Métodos. Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura nas bases de dados MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase e SciELO. Foram selecionados estudos publicados no período de 2007 a 2019, em inglês, português e espanhol, que abordavam estratégias desenvolvidas pelos sistemas regulatórios dos países, com foco no recall de medicamentos abaixo do padrão, falsificados e não registrados. Resultados. Dos 483 estudos inicialmente identificados, foram incluídas 21 publicações de alcance global, regional ou nacional. As estratégias de prevenção, detecção e resposta, incluindo o recall, foram agrupadas em dois modelos (passivo-reativo e proativo) de atuação dos sistemas regulatórios na vigilância e controle de medicamentos. Esses modelos parecem combinar estratégias passivas e proativas, complementares ou concorrentes, variando conforme o nível de desenvolvimento dos países e a capacidade regulatória. Embora seja considerado a resposta mais eficaz de proteção da população, o recall não foi implementado de forma uniforme no âmbito dos sistemas regulatórios, segundo os estudos. Conclusões. A complexidade e a magnitude do problema dos medicamentos abaixo do padrão, falsificados e não registrados exigem esforços, investimentos e mudanças profundas na abordagem, nos processos e nas capacidades dos sistemas regulatórios, podendo as estratégias de vigilância e controle do mercado convergir para um modelo híbrido, multisetorial, multidisciplinar, global e sistêmico de proteção da saúde humana.

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify the strategies employed by regulatory systems for the market surveillance and control of substandard, falsified, and unregistered medicines at the regional-global levels, especially regarding drug recall procedures. Method. An integrative literature review was performed. Searches were performed in MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, and SciELO to select articles published from 2007 to 2019 in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, covering national regulatory system initiatives, with a focus on the recall of substandard, falsified, and unregistered medicines. Results. Of 483 articles initially identified, 21 global, regional, or national scope studies were selected. Prevention, detection, and response strategies, including drug recall, were grouped according to two broad market surveillance and control models (passive-reactive and proactive) used by regulatory systems. These models seem to combine passive and proactive, complementary or concurring actions that varied according to country development level and regulatory capacity. Although considered the most effective response for protection of populations, medicine recall was not implemented in a uniform manner in different regulatory systems as indicated by the studies. Conclusions. Addressing the complexity and magnitude of the problem of substandard, falsified, and unregistered medicines will demand effort, investment, and profound changes in the approaches, processes, and capacity of regulatory systems, with market surveillance and control strategies possibly converging toward a hybrid, multisectoral, multidisciplinary, global, and systemic model of human health protection.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar las estrategias de actuación de los sistemas regulatorios en la vigilancia y control de los medicamentos subestándar, falsificados y no registrados a nivel regional-mundial, especialmente en lo que se refiere a los procesos de retirada de medicamentos del mercado (recall). Métodos. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica integral en las bases de datos de MEDLINE a través de PubMed, Embase y SciELO. Se seleccionaron los estudios publicados entre 2007 y 2019, en inglés, portugués y español, en los que se abordaban las estrategias elaboradas por los sistemas regulatorios de los países, con énfasis en la retirada de los medicamentos subestándar, falsificados y no registrados. Resultados. De los 483 estudios identificados inicialmente, se incluyeron 21 publicaciones de ámbito nacional, regional o mundial. Las estrategias de prevención, detección y respuesta, incluida la retirada de medicamentos, se agruparon en dos modelos de actuación (pasivo-reactivo y proactivo) de los sistemas de regulación en la vigilancia y el control de los medicamentos. Estos modelos parecen combinar estrategias pasivas y proactivas, complementarias o concurrentes, que varían según el nivel de desarrollo de los países y su capacidad de regulación. Aunque la retirada de productos se considera la respuesta más eficaz para proteger a la población, según los estudios esta no se ha aplicado de manera uniforme en los sistemas de regulación. Conclusiones. La complejidad y la magnitud del problema de los medicamentos subestándar, falsificados y no registrados exigen esfuerzos, inversiones y cambios profundos en el enfoque, los procesos y las capacidades de los sistemas de regulación; y las estrategias de vigilancia y control del mercado pueden converger hacia un modelo híbrido, multisectorial, multidisciplinar, mundial y sistémico de protección de la salud humana.

O panorama da vigilância de eventos adversos pós-vacinação ao fim da década de 2010: importância, ferramentas e desafios / El panorama de la vigilancia de eventos adversos posvacunación al final de la década de 2010: importancia, herramientas y desafíos / Surveillance of adverse events following immunization in the late 2010s: an overview of the importance, tools, and challenges

A vacinação é uma das ações mais efetivas para proteger o indivíduo e a população contra doenças imunopreveníveis. Vacinas são produtos seguros e eficazes, porém, como qualquer outro medicamento, podem causar eventos adversos, que ganham maior visibilidade na medida em que as doenças são controladas, eliminadas ou erradicadas. Este trabalho analisou as ações de vigilância de eventos adversos pós-vacinação (EAPV) com base em dados da literatura científica e sites de programas de imunizações, agências reguladoras e de saúde, além da expertise dos autores nas áreas de imunizações e farmacovigilância. Com o aumento do número de vacinas no calendário básico e a ampliação do acesso da população, tornou-se fundamental o estabelecimento de um sistema eficiente de vigilância de EAPV no Brasil. Entretanto, a subnotificação de casos no Brasil e em outros países dificulta a detecção de EAPV, principalmente os raros. Informações sempre atualizadas sobre o benefício/risco das vacinas permitem que programas de imunizações deem respostas rápidas e claras aos rumores de EAPV. Isso garante a confiabilidade no sistema, ainda mais diante do crescente movimento antivacinista e a influência cada vez maior das mídias sociais na opinião pública.

La vacunación es una de las acciones más efectivas para proteger al individuo y a la población contra enfermedades inmunoprevenibles. Las vacunas son productos seguros y eficaces, sin embargo, como cualquier otro medicamento, pueden causar eventos adversos, que tienen mayor visibilidad según se controlen, eliminen o se erradiquen las enfermedades. Este trabajo analizó las acciones de vigilancia de eventos adversos posvacunación (EAPV), basándose en datos de la literatura científica y sitios web de programas de inmunizaciones, agencias reguladoras y de salud, además de la expertise de los autores en las áreas de inmunizaciones y farmacovigilancia. Con el aumento del número de vacunas en el calendario básico y la ampliación del acceso de la población, se hizo fundamental el estabelecimiento de un sistema eficiente de vigilancia de EAPV en Brasil. Sin embargo, la subnotificación de casos en Brasil y en otros países dificulta la detección de EAPV, principalmente, los raros. Informaciones siempre actualizadas sobre el beneficio/riesgo de las vacunas permiten que programas de inmunizaciones proporcionen respuestas rápidas y claras a los rumores sobre EAPV. Esto garantiza la confianza en el sistema, incluso más aún ante el creciente movimiento antivacunas y la influencia cada vez mayor de los redes sociales en la opinión pública.

Immunization is one of the most effective measures to protect individuals and the population against vaccine-preventable diseases. Vaccines are safe and effective products, but like any other drug they can cause adverse events, which tend to become more visible as the diseases are controlled, eliminated, or eradicated. This study analyzed activities in the surveillance of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) based on data from the scientific literature, websites of immunization programs and health andregulatory agencies, and the authors' expertise in the areas of immunizations and pharmacovigilance. With the increase in the number of vaccines in the basic immunization schedule and expansion of the population's access, it has become essential to establish an efficient surveillance system for AEFI in Brazil. However, underreporting of cases in Brazil and in other countries hinders the detection of AEFI, especially rare events. Constantly updated information on vaccines' risks and benefits allows immunization programs to provide rapid and clear responses to rumors of AEFI. This ensures the system's reliability, especially in the face of the growing antivaccine movement and the increasing influence of social media in public opinion.

Safety and effectiveness of a biosimilar biphasic insulin in the management of diabetes mellitus during routine clinical practice in Asian patients

@#Introduction: Biosimilar insulins have the potential to increase access to treatment among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), reduce treatment costs, and expand market competition. There are no published studies evaluating the performance of biosimilar insulins in routine clinical practice in Asia. This study assessed the safety and effectiveness of biphasic isophane insulin injection in Malaysian DM patients. Materials and Methods: In this open label, single-arm, observational, post marketing study, patients received biphasic isophane insulin injection as per the Prescribing Information; and were assessed for safety (adverse events including hypoglycaemia), effectiveness (glycosylated haemoglobin [HbA1c]; fasting blood sugar, [FBS]; and patient’s condition by patient and physician) over a period of 24 weeks. Results: Adult male and female diabetes patients (N=119; type 2 DM, n=117) with a mean (SD) diabetes duration of 13 years were included. No new safety signals have been identified. Significant reduction in HbA1c was observed at weeks 12 and 24 (mean [SD] - baseline: 9.6% [1.9]; Week 12: 9.0% [1.7] and at Week 24: 9.1% [1.7]; p < 0.001). There were 10 serious and 9 non-serious adverse events reported in the study. Expected mild events included hypoglycaemia and injection site pruritus. However, the majority of the adverse events were non-study drug related events. No deaths were reported during the study. Discussion: Biphasic isophane insulin injection was well tolerated with no new safety concerns. It was found effective in post- marketing studies conducted in routine clinical settings when administered in DM patients in this study.

Epidemiological characteristics of product-related injuries among children in Changshan County / 预防医学

Objective@#To understand the epidemiological characteristics of product-related injuries among children in Changshan County from 2011 to 2017 and to provide evidence for targeted intervention. @*Methods@#The surveillance data of product-related injuries among children aged below 18 years from 2011 to 2017 was collected from three sentinel hospitals in Changshan County. The characteristics of product-related injuries among children were analyzed,especially those injuries caused by furniture,stationery and sporting goods,commodities and toys. @*Results@#A total of 5 111 product-related injury cases among children were reported,accounting for 13.49% of product-related injury cases of all age. There were 3 138 boys and 1 973 girls,accounting for 61.40% and 38.60%. There were 2 973 cases less than 10 years old,accounting for 58.17%. The main causes of product-related injuries were road traffic injury（49.46%）,blunt（16.02%）,stab/cut（12.39%）and fall（10.37%）. The main categories of products included transportation equipments（not including motor vehicles,36.83%）,motor vehicles（17.82%）,furniture（12.23%）,stationery and sporting goods（8.45%）,commodities（4.89%）and toys（3.25%）. Stab/cut（53.01%）was the main cause of commodities related injuries;blunt was the main cause of furniture,stationery and sporting goods and toys. The stationery and sporting goods related injuries occurred mainly in schools/public places（64.57%）and sports venues（18.48%）when engaging in sports（54.13%）;furniture,commodities and toys related injuries injured cases occurred at home when engaging in leisure activities. Commodities mainly resulted in sharp/bite/open wound（51.50%）;furniture,stationery and sporting goods and toys mainly resulted in bruises. Most cases were injured in head,slight and allowed home after treated.@*Conclusion@#The product-related injuries among children in Changshan County are more boys. The products mainly involve transportation equipments（not including motor vehicles）,motor vehicles,furniture,stationery and sporting goods,commodities and toys,with emphasis on the latter four categories in the prevention of product-related child injury.

Perfil de queixas técnicas relacionadas a seringas hipodérmicas de uso único comercializadas no Brasil após certificação compulsória / Profile of technical complaints related to single use hypodermic syringes marketed in Brazil after compulsory certification

RESUMO A certificação metrológica é uma importante ferramenta de Vigilância Sanitária. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil das notificações de queixas técnicas de seringas hipodérmicas realizadas no Notivisa/Anvisa (Sistema Nacional de Notificações de Eventos Adversos e Queixas Técnicas/Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária) entre 2012 e 2015. As notificações foram analisadas individualmente e classificadas conforme os motivos relatados. Foram avaliadas 4181 notificações, e as queixas mais prevalentes foram: 'produto quebrado na embalagem lacrada' (22%) e 'sujidade/manchas no interior do produto/embalagem' (15,8%). Não foram observadas alterações significativas no perfil das queixas após a certificação compulsória, que, embora imprescindível, não é capaz de substituir o monitoramento pós-comercialização.

ABSTRACT Metrological certification is an important Sanitary Surveillance tool. The objective of this study was to evaluate the profile of notifications of technical complaints of hypodermic syringes performed in Notivisa/Anvisa (Sistema Nacional de Notificações de Eventos Adversos e Queixas Técnicas/Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária) between 2012 and 2015. The notifications were analyzed individually and classified according to the reasons reported. 4181 notifications were evaluated and the most prevalent complaints were: 'broken product in the sealed package' (22%) and 'dirt/stains inside the product/packaging' (15.8%). There were no significant changes in the profile of the complaints after compulsory certification, which, although indispensable, is not capable of replacing post-marketing monitoring.

An Open Label, Multi-Center, Non-Interventional Post-Marketing Surveillance to Monitor the Safety and Efficacy of ALTARGO® (Retapamulin) Administered in Korean Patients According to the Prescribing Information

BACKGROUND: With the approval of topical retapamulin ointment in 2011, it was officially required to conduct a post-marketing surveillance (PMS) study to obtain further data of its safety profile and effectiveness, in accordance with the requirement of the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS). OBJECTIVE: This study had prospectively designed to monitor safety and tolerability with the effectiveness of topical retapamulin in clinical practices. METHODS: Open label, multi-center, non-interventional observational study was done from May 2011 to October 2015. All subjects had bacterial skin infections of locally approved prescribing information accordingly. The study mainly focused on safety issues in the local target population (3,612 eligible subjects). And, drug effectiveness was also evaluated by physicians. RESULTS: The incidence of adverse events (AEs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were 2.53% and 0.97%, respectively. In terms of the incidence of unexpected AEs and ADRs, 1.45% and 0.33%, and for the incidence of serious AEs, 0.28%, whereas no serious ADRs reported. And, the effectiveness of topical retapamulin rate was 96.1% (1,697 of total 1,765 subjects). CONCLUSION: Topical retapamulin is to be well-tolerated and effective in patients with bacterial skin infections of locally approved prescribing information.

Queixas técnicas submetidas ao Sistema de Notificação e Investigação em Vigilância Sanitária / Technical complaints submitted to the Regulatory Health Notification and Investigation System

Objetivou-se avaliar as queixas técnicas submetidas ao Sistema de Notificação e Investigação em Vigilância Sanitária entre 2006 a 2014. Pesquisa documental, transversal, quantitativa de um banco de dados secundário público. Identificou-se que das 245.940 notificações encaminhadas, 109.311 eram referentes a queixas técnicas. A região Sudeste apresentou maior repasse de informações (53,5%) e a região Norte maior diferença na quantidade de notificações entre os Estados (coeficiente de variação= 159,2), seguida pela região Nordeste (coeficiente de variação= 124,8). A maioria dos casos de notificações foram de artigos médico-hospitalares (53,09%) e o equipo foi o produto mais notificado (19%). O risco à saúde do paciente foi identificado em 56.777 casos, com maior frequência quanto aos materiais de baixo ou médio risco. Os hospitais da Rede Sentinela foram os principais notificadores. No período analisado houve aumento anual gradativo no número de notificações de queixas técnicas, principalmente de artigos médico-hospitalares utilizados em procedimentos invasivos

This study aimed to evaluate technical complaints submitted to the Regulatory Health Notification and Investigation System between 2006 and 2014 through cross-sectional, quantitative, documental research of a secondary public database. It was identified that, of the 245,940 notifications put forward, 109,311 referred to technical complaints. The Southeast region presented the highest information submission (53.5%) and the North presented the greatest difference in quantity of notifications between states (coefficient of variation = 159.2), followed by the Northeast (coefficient of variation = 124.8). Most of the cases of notifications were on medical articles (53.09%) with equipment being the most notified product (19%). Risk to patient health was identifiedin 56,777 cases, with the highest frequency being in regard to materials of low or medium risk. SentinelaNetwork hospitals were the principal sources of notifications. In the analyzed period there was a gradual annual increase in the number of technical complaint notifications, especially regarding medical articles used in invasive procedures.

Vigilancia tecnológica e inteligencia competitiva de un desarrollo tecnológico para la detección de Giardia, una innovación en salud / Technological surveillance and competitive intelligence for a new technique to detect Giardia: an innovation in health / Vigilância tecnológica e inteligência competitiva de um avanço tecnológico para detecção de Giardia, uma inovação em saúde

RESUMEN La giardiasis es una enfermedad causada por Giardia duodenalis, protozoario enteropatógeno que también es responsable de la enfermedad diarreica aguda y la gastroenteritis en humanos. Dadas las características de excreción intermitente propias de este parásito, la probabilidad de obtener resultados falsos negativos durante el proceso de diagnóstico es alta. En el Grupo de Parasitología del Instituto Nacional de Salud de Colombia se identificaron proteínas inmunogénicas presentes en quistes y trofozoítos del parásito en aislamientos colombianos de Giardia con potencial comercial y posibilidad de ser patentadas. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio descriptivo a partir de las características de la técnica en estudio, su estado de desarrollo y la viabilidad comercial de la invención. Se encontraron 390 patentes y se seleccionaron cinco invenciones similares que no representaban ningún riesgo frente a una eventual solicitud de patente. De los 36 estuches para el diagnóstico de Giardia disponibles en el mercado y las 21 licencias sanitarias otorgadas hasta diciembre del 2017, sólo cuatro y tres, respectivamente, proponen técnicas similares a la de la estudiada, pero ninguna de ellas cuenta con un registro de patente relacionado. La técnica en desarrollo es innovadora y puede aplicarse en el campo de la salud pública en la Región de las Américas con beneficios previsibles.

ABSTRACT Giardiasis is a disease caused by Giardia duodenalis, an intestinal protozoan that causes acute diarrhea and gastroenteritis in humans. Given the characteristic intermittent excretion of this parasite, there is a high probability of false negative results during diagnosis. The Parasitology Group of Colombia's National Institute of Health identified immunizing proteins present in the parasite's cysts and trophozoites in Colombian Giardia isolates with commercial and patentability potential. A descriptive exploratory study was conducted that focused on characteristics of the technique under study, its state of development, and the commercial viability of the invention. A total of 390 patents were found and five similar inventions were selected that did not pose any risk regarding an eventual patent application. Of the 36 Giardia diagnostic kits available on the market and the 21 health licenses granted as of December 2017, only four and three, respectively, offer techniques similar to the technique studied, but none of them has a related patent on record. The technique under development is innovative and can be applied in the field of public health in the Region of the Americas with foreseeable benefits.

RESUMO A giardíase é uma doença causada pela Giardia duodenais, protozoário enteropatogênico causador de doença diarreica aguda e gastroenterite em seres humanos. Como uma das características deste parasita é a excreção intermitente, a probabilidade de se obter resultados falso-negativos no processo diagnóstico é alta. O Grupo de Parasitologia do Instituto Nacional de Saúde da Colômbia identificou proteínas imunogênicas presentes em cistos e trofozoítos do parasita em isolados colombianos de Giardia com potencial comercial e possibilidade de patenteamento. Foi realizado um estudo exploratório descritivo das características da técnica em estudo, situação de desenvolvimento e viabilidade comercial da invenção. Foram encontradas 390 patentes e selecionadas cinco invenções similares sem risco de eventual pedido de patente. Dos 36 kits de diagnóstico de Giardia comercializados e 21 licenças sanitárias concedidas até dezembro de 2017, apenas quatro kits e três licenças de produtos empregam técnicas semelhantes à estudada, mas nenhum deles tem um registro de patente relacionado. A técnica em desenvolvimento é inovadora e pode ser empregada em saúde pública na Região das Américas com benefícios esperados.

Análise dos medicamentos relaxantes musculares de ação central comercializados no Brasil na perspectiva do Cuidado ao Idoso / Analysis of centrally acting muscle relaxants marketed in Brazil from the perspective of Elderly Care

Objetivo: Analisar na perspectiva do idoso as evidências científicas relativas ao emprego terapêutico e a segurança de relaxantes musculares registrados no Brasil. Método: estudo de análise da oferta de medicamentos contendo fármacos do grupo M03B - Relaxantes musculares de ação central da classificação Anatômica Terapêutica Química. Verificaram-se os fármacos do grupo M03B registrados no Brasil. Pesquisaram-se as evidências científicas relativas à segurança e eficácia. Analisou-se a disponibilidade de informações sobre segurança na bula. Resultados: Identificou-se 18 fármacos do grupo M03B, dos quais 7 (38,9%) estão registrados no Brasil. Das 67 especialidades registradas, 35 (52,2%) são associações farmacológicas. Conclusão: As evidências para uso de relaxantes musculares em idosos são limitadas. As bulas desses medicamentos não apresentam informações relevantes sobre eventos adversos (AU).

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the scientific evidence regarding the therapeutic use and safety of muscle relaxant medicines registered in Brazil from the perspective of the health of the elderly. METHODS: This is a study of the analysis of the supply of medicines containing group M03B drugs ­ Centrally acting muscle relaxants of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification. The M03B group drugs registered in Brazil were observed. The scientific evidence on safety and efficacy has been investigated. The availability of safety information in the package leaflet was analyzed. RESULTS: We identified 18 drugs from group M03B, of which 7 (38.9%) are registered in Brazil. Of the 67 specialties registered, 35 (52.2%) are pharmacological associations. CONCLUSION: Evidence for the use of muscle relaxants in the elderly is limited. The package leaflets do not contain relevant information on adverse events (AU).

Effectiveness of pharmacovigilance: multifaceted educational intervention related to the knowledge, skills and attitudes of multidisciplinary hospital staff

OBJECTIVES: Most educational interventions in pharmacovigilance are designed to encourage physicians to report adverse drug reactions. However, multidisciplinary teams may play an important role in reporting drug-related problems. This study assessed the impact of a multifaceted educational intervention in pharmacovigilance on the knowledge, skills and attitudes of hospital professionals. METHOD: This prospective, open-label, non-randomized study was performed in a medium-complexity hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. The intervention involved four activities: 1) an interactive lecture, 2) a practical class, 3) a pre-post questionnaire administered to professionals on a multidisciplinary team, and 4) educational material. The intervention’s impact on the professionals’ knowledge and skills was assessed using the World Health Organization’s definitions. The intervention’s effect on the professionals’ attitudes was analysed by the prevalence of adverse drug event reports (adverse drug reactions, medication errors, therapeutic failure and drug quality deviations) and the relevance (seriousness and expectancy) of the events. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-three professionals were enrolled. A 70-fold increase in the number of adverse drug event reports was observed during the 12 months post-intervention. The intervention improved the professionals’ form-completion skills (p<0.0001) and their knowledge of pharmacovigilance (p<0.0001). The intervention also contributed to detecting serious drug-induced events. The nursing staff reported medication errors, and pharmacists and physiotherapists recognized serious adverse drug reactions. Physicians communicated suspicions of therapeutic failure. CONCLUSIONS: A multidisciplinary approach to drug-safety assessments contributes to identifying new, relevant drug-related problems and improving the rate of adverse drug event reporting. This strategy may therefore be applied to improve risk communication in hospitals.

Development of instrument to report and assess causality of adverse events related to herbal medicines / Desarrollo de un instrumento para reportar y evaluar la causalidad de los eventos adversos asociados a plantas medicinales

Background: The use of herbal medicines is justified empirically using ethnopharmacological knowledge, which has limitations. Reports of adverse events (AE) may contribute for safety, quality, and effectiveness assessment. Objectives: This study aimed to develop an instrument to allow detection and evaluation of the causal likelihood of AE related to herbal medicines. Methods: A quantitative methodological development research intervention was performed with primary care health professionals. Two cases were distributed in an interval of one week in order to allow for completion of the proposal form. The within-rater reliability was calculated and classified into satisfactory, regular, and unsatisfactory, according to essential, necessary, and recommended items reported. Results: Fifty-seven professionals were enrolled. A high degree of the within-rater reliability was observed for the most essential, necessary, and recommended fields. The instrument contributed to assessment of definite causal association, once the duration of reactions including evolution, withdrawal, and reposition items showed high reliability. Most fields poor and weak filled were related to quality defects, such as popular name and appearance. Conclusions: Data suggest the instrument is adequate to report AE arising from herbal medicines. Owing to information regarding to organoleptic characteristics, the instrument is different from drug instruments. Therefore, it is intended to improve AE reports related to herbal medicines and contribute for appropriate use.

Antecedentes: Hierbas medicinales son utilizadas empíricamente con la base en el conocimiento etnofarmacobotánico, los cuales tienen limitaciones. Los informes de los eventos adversos (EA) pueden contribuir a la seguridad, la calidad y la evaluación de la eficacia de estos productos. Objetivos: El objetivo del estudio fue desarrollar un formulario para permitir la detección y evaluación de la probabilidad causal de EA relacionado al uso de plantas medicinales e fitoterápicos. Métodos: Investigación cuantitativa, de desenvolvimiento se llevó a cabo con los profesionales sanitarios de atención primaria. Dos casos fueran distribuidos, en un intervalo de una semana, con el fin de ser llenado en el formulario propuesto. La fiabilidad inter-observadores del instrumento fue evaluada y los resultados fueran clasificados en satisfactorio, regular e insatisfactorio, según los datos esenciales, necesarios y recomendados que fueran rellenados en el formulario de notificación. Resultados: Cincuenta y siete profesionales fueran elegibles. Se observó alto grado de fiabilidad entre observadores para la mayoría de los campos esenciales, necesarios y recomendados. El formulario contribuyó para la evaluación de la asociación causal definitiva, una vez que los campos de duración de las reacciones; evolución, retirada y re- exposición tuvieran alta fiabilidad. La mayoría de los campos flacamente llenados estaban relacionados con defectos de calidad, tales como: nombre popular y apariencia. Conclusiones: Los datos sugieren que el formulario propuesto es adecuado para reportar EA derivados de hierbas medicinales. Por la información relativa a las características organolépticas, el instrumento es diferente de lo instrumento para notificación de medicamentos. Por lo tanto, se pretende mejorar los informes de EA relacionados con los productos naturales y contribuir para el uso apropiado.

Description of Important Potential Risks of Japanese Risk Management Plan on Each Package Insert / 医薬品情報学

<b>Objective: </b>The Japanese risk management plan (RMP) contains the risk minimization action plans for important potential risks of drugs.  One of the basic risk minimization action plans is reminding on package insert; however, we found that some potential risks were not described in package inserts.  In this study, we investigated the description of potential risks on package inserts.<br><b>Design: </b>Document analysis.<br><b>Methods: </b>We collected all posted RMP documents and the package inserts of corresponding products from the Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency website on January 31, 2015 and investigated the risk minimization action plans of important potential risk items and whether the items had been described in each package insert.<br><b>Results: </b>Of 268 important potential risk items in 81 products, 56 items were not described on package insert.  The major reason for not including the risk items on the package insert was “causality was not indicated sufficiently” and some items had no written reason.<br><b>Conclusion: </b>About 20% of important potential risks are not described in package inserts.  Because most post-marketing pharmacovigilance plans depend on spontaneous reporting by healthcare personnel, description on package insert, the most frequently referred drug information resource, should be considered.

Safety and Tolerability of the Dual 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitor Dutasteride in the Treatment of Androgenetic Alopecia

BACKGROUND: After the approval of dutastride for androgenic alopecia (AGA) in 2009, Korean authority required a post-marketing surveillance to obtain further data on its safety profile. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to monitor adverse events (AEs) of dutasteride 0.5 mg in Korean AGA male patients in a clinical practice environment. METHODS: Open label, multi-center, non-interventional observational study was done from July 2009 to July 2013. AGA subjects (18~41 years of age) with no experience of dutasteride were enrolled. Dosage regimen was recommended according to the prescribing information. The incidences of any AEs, serious adverse events (SAEs), and adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were evaluated. Multiple logistic regression method was used to identify risk factors related to ADRs. Effectiveness was generally evaluated by physicians. RESULTS: During study period, 712 subjects were enrolled. The subjects of 29.3±6.0 years old exposed to dutasteride for 204.7±161.5 days. One hundred and ten (15.4%) of subjects reported 138 AEs. Four subjects (0.6%) reported 5 SAEs (right radius fracture, 2 events of chronic follicular tonsillitis, influenza infection, and acute appendicitis). Sixty-six subjects (9.3%) reported 80 ADRs. Most frequent ADRs were libido decreased (9 subjects, 1.3%), dyspepsia (8 subjects, 1.1%), impotence (7 subjects, 1.0%), and fatigue (5 subjects, 0.7%). Other interested ADRs were sexual function abnormality (4 subjects, 0.6%), gynecomastia (2 subjects, 0.3%), and ejaculation disorder (1 subject, 0.1%). Most subjects (78.6%) showed overall improvement after treatment of dutasteride in the effectiveness. CONCLUSION: Dutasteride 0.5 mg is to be well-tolerated in 18 to 41 years old AGA patients in a clinical practice environment.

Correlation between Drug Market Withdrawals and Socioeconomic, Health, and Welfare Indicators Worldwide

The relationship between the number of withdrawn/restricted drugs and socioeconomic, health, and welfare indicators were investigated in a comprehensive review of drug regulation information in the United Nations (UN) countries. A total of of 362 drugs were withdrawn and 248 were restricted during 1950-2010, corresponding to rates of 12.02+/-13.07 and 5.77+/-8.69 (mean+/-SD), respectively, among 94 UN countries. A socioeconomic, health, and welfare analysis was performed for 33 OECD countries for which data were available regarding withdrawn/restricted drugs. The gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, GDP per hour worked, health expenditure per GDP, and elderly population rate were positively correlated with the numbers of withdrawn and restricted drugs (P<0.05), while the out-of-pocket health expenditure payment rate was negatively correlated. The number of restricted drugs was also correlated with the rate of drug-related deaths (P<0.05). The World Bank data cross-validated the findings of 33 OECD countries. The lists of withdrawn/restricted drugs showed markedly poor international agreement between them (Fleiss's kappa=-0.114). Twenty-seven drugs that had been withdrawn internationally by manufacturers are still available in some countries. The wide variation in the numbers of drug withdrawals and restrictions among countries indicates the need to improve drug surveillance systems and regulatory communication networks.

Causes for the underreporting of adverse drug events by health professionals: a systematic review / Causas de subnotificação de eventos adversos a medicamentos por profissionais da saúde: revisão sistemática / Causas del subregistro de los eventos adversos de medicamentos por los profesionales de la salud: revisión sistemática

Objective: Identifying the main causes for underreporting of Adverse Drug Reaction (ADR) by health professionals. Method: A systematic review carried out in the following databases: LILACS, PAHO, SciELO, EMBASE and PubMed in the period between 1992 and 2012. Descriptors were used in the search for articles, and the identified causes of underreporting were analyzed according to the classification of Inman. Results: In total, were identified 149 articles, among which 29 were selected. Most studies were carried out in hospitals (24/29) for physicians (22/29), and pharmacists (10/29). The main causes related to underreporting were ignorance (24/29), insecurity (24/29) and indifference (23/29). Conclusion: The data show the eighth sin in underreporting, which is the lack of training in pharmacovigilance. Therefore, continuing education can increase adherence of professionals to the service and improve knowledge and communication of risks due to drug use.
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Objetivo: Identificar as causas de subnotificação de Reação Adversa a Medicamento (RAM) por profissionais da saúde. Método: Revisão sistemática realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, PAHO, SciELO, EMBASE e PubMed, cujo período de abrangência foi de 1992 a 2012. Foram utilizados descritores para buscar os artigos. As causas de subnotificação de RAM identificadas foram analisadas de acordo com a classificação de Inman. Resultados: Identificaram-se 149 artigos, dos quais 29 foram considerados elegíveis. A maioria dos estudos foi conduzida em hospitais (24/29), para médicos (22/29) e farmacêuticos (10/29). As principais causas relacionadas à subnotificação observadas foram: a ignorância (24/29), a insegurança (24/29) e a indiferença (23/29). Conclusão: Os dados evidenciam o oitavo pecado da subnotificação, que é a falta de formação em farmacovigilância. Assim, a educação permanente pode aumentar a adesão dos profissionais ao serviço e melhorar o conhecimento e a comunicação dos riscos associados ao uso de medicamentos.
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Objetivo: Identificar las causas de la subnotificación de la Reacción Adversa a Medicamento (RAM) por profesionales de la salud. Método: Revisión sistemática realizada en las bases de datos LILACS, PAHO, SciELO, EMBASE y PubMed, cuyo período de revisión fue de 1992 a 2012. Se utilizaron descriptores para buscar los artículos. Las causas de subnotificación identificadas fueron analizadas de acuerdo con la clasificación de Inman. Resultados: Se identificaron 149 artículos, de los cuales 29 fueron seleccionados. La mayoría de los estudios fueron realizados en hospitales (24/29) para médicos (22/29) y farmacéuticos (10/29). Las principales causas relacionadas a la subnotificación observadas fueron: la ignorancia (24/29), la inseguridad (24/29) y la indiferencia (23/29). Conclusión: Los datos evidencian el octavo pecado de la subnotificación, que es la falta de formación en farmacovigilancia. Por lo tanto, la educación continua puede aumentar la adhesión de los profesionales al servicio y mejorar el conocimiento y la comunicación de riesgos del uso de medicamentos.

Possible adverse drug events leading to hospital admission in a Brazilian teaching hospital

OBJECTIVES: Drug safety problems can lead to hospital admission. In Brazil, the prevalence of hospitalization due to adverse drug events is unknown. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of hospitalization due to adverse drug events and to identify the drugs, the adverse drug events, and the risk factors associated with hospital admissions. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was performed in the internal medicine ward of a teaching hospital in São Paulo State, Brazil, from August to December 2008. All patients aged ≥18 years with a length of stay ≥24 hours were interviewed about the drugs used prior to hospital admission and their symptoms/complaints/causes of hospitalization. RESULTS: In total, 248 patients were considered eligible. The prevalence of hospitalization due to potential adverse drug events in the ward was 46.4%. Overprescribed drugs and those indicated for prophylactic treatments were frequently associated with possible adverse drug events. Frequently reported symptoms were breathlessness (15.2%), fatigue (12.3%), and chest pain (9.0%). Polypharmacy was a risk factor for the occurrence of possible adverse drug events. CONCLUSION: Possible adverse drug events led to hospitalization in a high-complexity hospital, mainly in polymedicated patients. The clinical outcomes of adverse drug events are nonspecific, which delays treatment, hinders causality analysis, and contributes to the underreporting of cases. .

Reações adversas a medicamentos levando crianças a atendimento na emergência hospitalar / Adverse drug reactions leading children to the emergency department

Determinou-se incidência de reações adversas a medicamentos (RAM) que levaram crianças a atendimento de emergência em um hospital universitário de São Paulo, SP. Foram analisadas, retrospectivamente, 23.286 fichas de atendimento (FA) em emergência pediátrica, a partir de código CID que indicasse possível RAM. Observaram-se 83 (0,36%) RAMs. A maioria ocorreu na faixa etária entre 1 a 5 anos com leve predominância no sexo masculino (51,8%). Os medicamentos mais implicados foram antibacterianos para uso sistêmico (53,0%), vacinas (9,6%) e analgésicos (7,2%). A maior parte das RAMs foram manifestações dérmicas (54,2%) ou gastrointestinais (22,9%). Duas RAMs foram consideradas graves (2,4%) e levaram a internação; enquanto 61,4% foram leves e 36,1% foram moderadas. A incidência foi inferior à literatura, provavelmente por ser estudo retrospectivo, utilizando-se o CID para seleção das FA. Observou-se que, no Brasil, as RAMs levam crianças a atendimento de emergência, com características semelhantes às de outros países. Intervenções são necessárias para melhorar o diagnóstico e a utilização de antimicrobianos, uma vez que foram os medicamentos mais implicados nas RAMs observadas. A pesquisa no setor de emergência hospitalar é importante para se conhecer as RAMs que ocorrem fora do contexto hospitalar, podendo contribuir para identificar aquelas de maior gravidade. A metodologia utilizada, apesar das limitações, requer poucos recursos humanos e materiais, sendo uma boa alternativa para um diagnóstico inicial, que deve ser sucedido por estudos mais elaborados e de maior sensibilidade para detectar essas reações e propor medidas dirigidas à sua prevenção.

The aim of the study was to determine the incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADR) that led children to hospital emergency care in a university hospital in São Paulo, SP. Medical charts (MC) of patients seen at the pediatric emergency department were selected according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes consistent with ADR. Of 23,286 cases studied, 2,409 records were selected. An ADR was observed in 83 (0.36%) MC. Most ADR occurred in children aged 1-5 years with a slight predominance in males (51.8%). The drugs most commonly involved were antibiotics for systemic use (53.0%), vaccines (9.6%) and analgesics (7.2%). Most ADR were dermatological (54.2%) or gastrointestinal (22.9%) manifestations. Two ADR were considered severe (2.4%) while 61.4% were mild and 36.1% were moderate. The incidence was lower than in the literature, probably because it is a retrospective study that used the ICD for selecting the data assessed. The characteristics of ADR are similar to those found in other countries. Interventions are needed to improve the diagnosis and the use of antibiotics, as they were the drugs most involved in the ADR observed. Research in hospital emergency is important to acknowledge ADR that occur outside the hospital setting and may help to identify the most severe ones. Despite limitations, the method requires few resources and materials, and is a good alternative to initial diagnosis. The present study should be followed by studies with higher sensitivity to detect these reactions in order to propose prevention measures.

Falsificação de medicamentos no Brasil / Counterfeiting of drugs in Brazil / Falsificación de medicamentos en Brasil

OBJETIVO: Identificar os principais medicamentos falsificados apreendidos pela Polícia Federal brasileira e os estados em que houve a apreensão. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo descritivo dos laudos periciais elaborados por Peritos Criminais da Polícia Federal sobre medicamentos contrafeitos entre janeiro de 2007 e setembro de 2010. RESULTADOS: Os medicamentos com maior número de apreensões foram inibidores seletivos da fosfodiesterase 5, utilizados para tratar a disfunção erétil masculina (Cialis® e Viagra®, em média 66 por cento), seguidos por esteróides anabolizantes (Durateston® e Hemogenin®, 8,9 por cento e 5,7 por cento, respectivamente). A maior parte dos medicamentos falsos foi apreendida nos estados do Paraná, São Paulo e Santa Catarina, com incremento superior a 200 por cento no número de medicamentos inautênticos encaminhados à perícia no período. Houve aumento nas apreensões de medicamentos contrabandeados arrecadados em conjunto com os falsos; 67 por cento das apreensões incluíram no mínimo um medicamento contrabandeado. CONCLUSÕES: A falsificação de medicamentos é um grave problema de saúde pública. A identificação das classes de medicamentos falsos no País e os principais estados brasileiros com essa problemática podem facilitar ações futuras de prevenção e repressão pelos órgãos brasileiros responsáveis.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the main counterfeit drugs seized by the Brazilian Federal Police and the states where seizures have been made. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study on expert reports produced by criminal investigators of the Federal Police between January 2007 and September 2010, in relation to counterfeit drugs, was carried out. RESULTS: The drugs with greatest numbers of seizures were selective phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors that are used for treating male erectile dysfunction (Cialis® and Viagra®, mean = 66 percent ), followed by anabolic steroids (Durateston® and Hemogenin®: 8.9 percent and 5.7 percent, respectively). The greatest proportions of the counterfeit drugs were seized in the states of Paraná, Santa Catarina (both Southeastern Brazil) and São Paulo (Southeastern), and the number of non-authentic drugs sent for investigation increased by more than 200 percent over the study period. There were increases in seizures of smuggled drugs found together with counterfeit drugs: 67 percent of the seizures included at least one smuggled drug. CONCLUSIONS: Counterfeiting of drugs is a severe public health problem. Identification of the classes of counterfeit drugs present in Brazil and the main Brazilian states with this problem may facilitate future preventive and suppressive actions by the Brazilian bodies responsible for such actions.

OBJETIVO: Identificar los principales medicamentos falsificados incautados por la Policía Federal Brasileña y los estados donde hubo incautación. MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo de los laudos periciales elaborados por Peritos Criminales de la Policía Federal brasileña sobre medicamentos falsos entre enero de 2007 y septiembre de 2010. RESULTADOS: Los medicamentos con mayor número de incautaciones fueron los inhibidores selectivos de la fosfodiesterasa 5, utilizados para tratar la disfunción eréctil masculina (Ciallis® y Viagra®, en medio 66 por ciento), seguidos por esteroides anabolizantes (Durateston® y Hemogenin®, 8,9 por ciento y 5,7 por ciento, respectivamente). La mayor parte de los medicamentos falsos fue incautada en los estados Paraná, Sao Paulo y Santa Catarina, con incremento superior a 200 por ciento en el número de medicamentos inauténticos encaminados a la pericia en el período. Hubo aumento en las incautaciones de medicamentos contrabandeados arrecadados en conjunto con los falsos, 67 por ciento de las incautaciones incluyeron al menos un medicamento contrabandeado. CONCLUSIONES: La falsificación de medicamentos es un grave problema de salud pública. La identificación de las clases de medicamentos falsos en Brasil y los principales estados brasileños con esta problemática pueden facilitar acciones futuras de prevención y represión por los órganos brasileños responsables.